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　　上海一生译事翻译公司是一家总部设在上海的专业翻译公司，公司是美国翻译协会（ATA）企业会员和中国翻译协会（CTA）翻译理事单位，积极参与中国翻译服务行业的规范制定。公 司拥有全国各地翻译精英，业务范围涵盖笔译、口译、同声传译、桌面排版及本地化服务，客户包括多家世界500强企业、政府机构、各国驻华使领馆、大型国有企业和民营企业。

提案的写作主体是个人，作为人大代表和企事业单位的职工、股份制企业的股东具有向同级权力机关提出自己意见和建议的权利，个人的意见和建议只能用提案而不能用议案，即使有多人附议也不能更名为议案。议案必须列入大会的议程予以审议，而提案的作用是供有关部门今后决策时参考，有可能被采纳，也有可能不被采纳。

因此“提案”与“议案”是两种性质根本不同的文种。《辞海》对提案一词的解释是“提请国家代表机关或一定组织的会议讨论、处理的建议，一般由出席人和法律、章程上规定的机构或个人提出”。这一解释的前半部分是对的，后半部分也混淆了提案与议案写作主体上的区别。　　

“议案”是国务院发布的《国家行政机关公文处理办法》中规定的13种公文文种之一。《国家行政机关公文处理办法》第九条规定“议案，适用于各级人民政府按照法律程序向同级人民代表大会或人民代表大会常务委员会提请审议事项”。

从上述规定中可知，议案的制作主体是法定的，是具备法定权限的各级人民政府，而非个人或任何组织；议案的内容也仅用于向同级立法机构提出审议事项，供同级立法机构开会时审议，供审议的事项必须是在各级人民政府职权范围内。

因此只有国务院才有资格向全国人民代表大会提出议案，如八届人大常委会第三十次会议上，朱镕基总理代表国务院提请会议审议《财政部发行特别国债补充国有独资商业银行资本金的议案》，是最高行政机关国务院向同级权力机关全国人大常委会提请审议事项，而非朱镕基总理个人向最高权力机关全国人大常委会提请审议事项。

所以“议案”与“提案”根本区别在于“议案”的制作主体只能是各级行政机关，并仅限于向同级权力机关行文，且不得以“议案”的形式向上级或下级机关行文，而个人是不具备如此主体资格的.　

提案质的规定性这里指提案与委员在各种会议上的发言和来信相比较所具有特征。

具体讲：１、提案的提出必须有其提案者的资格即政协的参加单位或本届政协委员；

２、提案本身有其规范性要求，如必须写在统一提案纸上，须有案由、提案者、理由、建议等；

３、必须经提案委员会审查立案；

４、承办单位必须在规定的时间内向提案者作出答复。委员在各种会议的发言，提出的意见、建议，处理上没有上述严格规定。而来信可以是委员，也可以是其他群众，依据《信访条例》管理和办理。

澳洲华人与奥运火炬

The chaotic scenes that greeted the Olympic torch in London and Paris may have embarrassed the Chinese authorities and thrown off their elaborate preparations for the games, but they have also emboldened overseas Chinese to defend Beijing.

A large turnout of Chinese residents is expected in Canberra on Thursday when the torch makes its way through the Australian capital.

At the weekend, thousands of Chinese joined demonstrations in London, Paris and Berlin to show their support for the Beijing Olympics and the government's policies in Tibet. There was also a large protest outside the Los Angeles office of CNN, the US news network that has become a focal point of Chinese criticism of perceived foreign media bias.

Disruptions to the torch relay have provoked a strong sense of nationalist indignation among many overseas Chinese, especially students. But the mixture of genuine patriotism and a sense of victimhood has occasionally degenerated and there has been bullying of perceived traitors.

The Olympics had been expected to showcase China's recent achievements while putting pressure on the government to accelerate political reform. Demonstrations by overseas Chinese underline the way the games – combined with unrest in Tibet – have created a much more volatile political environment, which could end up driving a wedge between China and other parts of the world.

“These outbursts of nationalism among Chinese students overseas are real, regardless of how involved the embassies have been in organising them,” says Steve Tsang, expert in Chinese politics at Oxford University. “They are an indication that we are going to see a rising China that will be much more nationalist than people have given credit for.”

Zhang Rongan, an Australia-based member of the Chinese Students and Scholars Association, expects 10,000 patriotic Chinese to travel to Canberra for the torch relay. Chinese students in Australia had an obligation to “defend our sacred torch”, he said, and “strong men” were needed to counter any attacks from pro-Tibet forces or from Falun Gong, the outlawed religious sect.

An official at the Chinese embassy in Canberra declined to comment on local media reports that it was organising transport to bring thousands of pro- Beijing demonstrators to the city and that consulates had held meetings with groups of overseas Chinese to show footage of the unrest in Tibet.

Henry Li, a Chinese student at Queensland University of Technology, dismissed as rumour suggestions that the Chinese authorities were paying for pro-Beijing students to travel to Canberra.

His family and friends were unhappy about the negative coverage the media had given to the Beijing Olympics, which should not be politicised, he said.

“What would have been the reaction of Australians if China had decided to boycott the Olympic Games in Sydney because of their treatment of their indigenous population? The Chinese would not do that.”

While much of the online discussion about the torch relay among Chinese students in Australia has urged people attending the event to remain calm and avoid confrontations, some commentary has had an aggressively nationalistic tone.

One widely circulated letter said: “As a Chinese, do you really want to see our country humiliated by these anti-Chinese guys and the biased foreign media?” Another said China should not be embarrassed by “splittists” and “scum of the Chinese nation”.

The outburst of pro- Beijing sentiment among overseas Chinese has been dominated by students, many of whom are living abroad only for a short time.

Observers point out that overseas Chinese communities are often made up of diverse groups that include people who were born in Hong Kong and Taiwan, those who paid to be smuggled out of the country in search of greater economic opportunity, dissidents and supporters of the Falun Gong movement.

In the US a number of college campuses have seen stand-offs between pro- Tibetan and pro-Beijing demonstrators, including one this month at Duke University in North Carolina, which sparked considerable controversy.

When Grace Wang, a Chinese student, attempted to mediate between the two sides, she received thousands of messages accusing her of being a ‘traitor'.

Ms Wang's and her family's personal information were circulated on the web and there are unconfirmed reports that her parents' home has been vandalised.

奥运火炬传递在伦敦和巴黎遭遇的混乱局面，或许让中国政府感到尴尬，并搅乱了为北京奥运盛会所做的精心筹划。不过，这些事件也促使海外华人因此团结起来，共同支持北京。

本周四，奥运火炬将达到澳大利亚首都，预期将有大批华人聚集堪培拉。

上周末，数千名华人加入了伦敦、巴黎和柏林的游行队伍，以表达他们对北京奥运及中国政府西藏政策的支持。在CNN位于洛杉矶的办公机构外，也聚集了大批的抗议人群。中国认为海外媒体报道存在明显的倾向性，并就此予以批评。CNN这家美国传媒机构已经成为攻击焦点。

奥运火炬传递受到干扰，使很多海外华人（尤其是留学生）心中产生了强烈的民族主义情绪和愤慨。然而，当真实的爱国情绪与受害者感受混合在一起时，有时会发生蜕变，转化成对那些被指责为卖国贼的欺凌。

人们预期，奥运会理应成为展示中国近期成就的一扇窗口，并促使政府加快政治改革进程。海外华人的游行抗议活动表明，北京奥运及西藏骚乱问题已造就了一个更加动荡的政治环境，最终可能导致中国与世界的隔阂。

牛津大学(Oxford University)中国政治专家曾锐生(Steve Tsang)表示：“无论中国使馆是否参与组织，海外华人学子中所迸发出的是真切的民族主义。有证据表明，我们将看到一个渐渐崛起的中国，其民族主义程度将超出人们预期。”

中国学生学者联谊会(Chinese Students and Scholars Association)澳大利亚会员张荣安（音译）预计，将有1万名热爱中国的华人为迎接火炬接力而赶赴堪培拉。他表示，在澳中国学生有“护卫神圣火炬”的义务，并且需要“强有力的人”，防备藏独势力及法轮功分子的攻击。

中国驻堪培拉使馆一名官员拒绝就当地媒体的报道发表任何评论。该报道称，中国使馆组织交通工具，将数千名支持中国政府的游行示威者运往堪培拉，并称领事馆在海外华人团体中召集会议，放映西藏骚乱的录像片段。

昆士兰科技大学(Queensland University of Technology)中国学生Henry Li驳斥了有关中国当局支付费用、让支持中国政府的学生赶赴堪培拉的传闻。

他表示，家人和朋友都对关于北京奥运的负面媒体报道感到不满；他还表示，不应把奥运政治化。

“假如中国由于对澳洲土著所遭受的待遇感到不满，而决定抵制悉尼奥运会，那澳大利亚人会做何反应呢？中国人是不会那么做的。”

在澳大利亚中国学生对火炬接力进行了网上讨论，虽然多数内容都是呼吁参与活动的人们保持冷静和避免冲突，但一些评论却带有强烈的民族主义口吻。

一封广为流传的电子邮件写道：“作为一名中国人，你难道真希望看到祖国被那些反华分子和带有倾向性的外国媒体羞辱吗？”另一封邮件则表示，中国不应因“分裂分子”和“中华民族败类”而感到难堪。

在海外华人中迸发的、支持中国政府的情绪，主要是集中在留学生当中，其中很多人只在海外生活了较短的时间。

观察人士指出，海外华人社团常由多样化的团体组成，其中包括港台出生的人士、寻找更好经济机会的偷渡者、持不同政见者以及法轮功支持者等。

在美国许多大学校园，支持藏独和支持中国政府的人群之间都发生了对峙。本月，在北卡罗来纳州杜克大学(Duke University)内就发生了一起类似事件，引起了相当程度的争议。

当时，一名叫王千源(Grace Wang)的中国学生试图居间调停冲突双方矛盾，却因此收到数千条指责她为“卖国贼”的短信。

随后，网上开始流传王千源及其家人的个人信息。另据未经证实的报道，王千源父母的住宅遭人蓄意损坏。   （实习编辑：顾萍）